![]() ![]() Here are some of best sellings schick personal touch razor refills which we would like to recommend with high customer review ratings to guide you on quality & popularity of each items. The Schick® Intuition® Advanced Moisture refills are lather as you shave - so there’s no need to use shave gel - and are formulated with shea butter to moisturise and soften skin during shaving. ![]() Our hypoallergenic formula is gentle on your skin. Schick Intuition Sensitive refills have our unique Skin Conditioning Solid formulated with Vitamin E and 100 natural Aloe to help moisturise sensitive skin during shaving. Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Republic of, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, French Guiana, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guernsey, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Korea, South, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Martinique, Mexico, Monaco, Montserrat, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovak, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, VietnamĪPO/FPO, Afghanistan, Alaska/Hawaii, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan Republic, Belarus, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of the, Congo, Republic of the, Cook Islands, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Djibouti, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Fiji, French Polynesia, Gabon Republic, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greenland, Guam, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Iraq, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, US Protectorates, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vatican City State, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (U.S.Nowadays, there are so many products of schick personal touch razor refills in the market and you are wondering to choose a best one.You have searched for schick personal touch razor refills in many merchants, compared about products prices & reviews before deciding to buy them. Intuition® Sensitive Refills Lather & shave in one easy step. ![]()
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![]() If you’re the sort of person who likes speaking to every single NPC in a game, this is the game for you - and, on top of that, you’ll get the bonus of many of those characters having interesting things to say beyond one or two canned lines. On top of the decisions, the game gives you ample opportunity to explore most facets of Whit’s life via lengthy conversations with everyone he knows, from his family, to his friends, to his acquaintances. I mean, if that is your thing, I can see why you might like Where The Heart Leads. I barely have the inclination to dwell on my own past and think about what might have been, so doing that for a fictional someone else held little appeal for me. Maybe it’s just conditioning from years and years and years of playing games where you’re expected to save the world or commit some equally big act of heroism, maybe it’s my own personal preferences for fiction that don’t skew towards the introspective, but reliving the more mundane moments of someone’s life just didn’t have much appeal for me. Or, at least, I wasn’t able to get invested enough in Whit’s life to really care where my choices were leading him. Here’s my problem, though: I didn’t care about any of it. While some games make a big deal about player choice and agency, it’s rare to see one that commits to it to such a big extent. Where The Heart Leads apparently has dozens of possible endings, all stemming from the “thousands” of choices you make over the course of the game. It’s also worth noting that those decisions and events have stakes, at least to a point. Along the way, you get to know all the people in his life, from his family, to his friends, to his acquaintances. This can be as major as his courtship with his wife, or as minor as him gossiping with an old woman on a bench. As he slowly makes his way back to the surface, he explores his past, and you see all the major - and not-so-major - decisions and events in his life that have brought him to where he is. You play as Whit, a man who plunges deep into a sinkhole as he tries to save his family’s dog and has to find his way out. To be fair, of course, that’s sort of the point of the game. ![]() ![]() Where The Heart Leads shows what happens when you have a walking simulator where the stories and the secrets aren’t that interesting. Whether it’s Gone Home, or Firewatch, or one of my all-time favourite games, What Remains of Edith Finch, there’s something deeply affecting about games that can draw you in with their stories as you walk through the world, uncovering its secrets. ![]() ![]() Taekwondo footwork and many skips such as the side step. The long stride will help you move further to avoid being tackled.įootwork is such a key to fighting but is not always taught to people at martial art gyms. Most amateurs use may charge you in a street fight, but a taekwondo side step is an effective counter against the move. This move is self-explanatory, but for it to work, you will have to practice and perfect it with time. The side steps are defensive moves that will help you evade blows and counter-attack more effectively. It will protect your body from the common fatal openings in case of a real fight. One of the stances, the fighting stance, is more effective when executing defensive and offensive movements. Mostly, competitive martial arts employ various stances. Here are some of the technical aspects that can be effective in street fights. Taekwondo moves are important, but your training and physical conditioning will play an important part in street fights. What techniques are used in taekwondo for self-defense? The consistent training of taekwondo will improve your reaction time and fitness level. Aggressiveness (the person willing to do anything to win),.Fitness level (stamina and body strength),.The age and size of the opponent (younger and bigger people are more likely to win),.The effectiveness of taekwondo in self-defense will also highly depend on some other factors like: You should also learn the best way to de-escalate a confrontation. Knowing a martial art that focuses on self-defense as some Taekwondo schools do will help. Typically, to remain safe, you have to know your surroundings and avoid any dangerous situation. The fights involve drunks, muggers, gang members, and similar people who attack people for random reasons. Self-defense fights will rarely involve “fair” fights and they are usually never man-to-man fights. ![]() If you are good at kicking and they know ground fighting then all they have to do is get you to the ground. The reason to learn all three ranges from long range (kick), short range (punch, elbow), and ground range (chokes, joint locks) is that you do not know the range the attacker will be good at. If you are looking to get good at self-defense you need to learn how to kick, how to punch, elbow strikes, knee hits, and ground fighting. ![]() ![]() However, it is easy to see just by watching MMA that knowing all three fighting ranges would be best for self-defense. The idea that the legs are stronger and longer than the arms so the legs are more effective in fights. Taekwondo practitioners like doing kicks. If you are looking to train to fight then you need to look for a Taekwondo school that teaches self-defense. They train you to fight back against an attacker. There are schools that will also teach Taekwondo so you can defend your self in a bad situation. Tournament Taekwondo will not be as effective in a street fight or in a self-defense situation. ![]() You can also punch but most tournament fighters kick. Many schools teach sports Taekwondo which involves mainly kicking your opponent to gain points. The school you go to will have a different focus depending on which school you attend. The training you get all depends on the school you go to local or if you do online training. Unlike many other martial arts, taekwondo does emphasize kicking but also has punching and self-defense scenario training. Others like Karate and Kung Fu stick to the traditional roots. Some forms of martial arts like Mixed Martial Arts and Krav Maga incorporate many new lethal fighting techniques. Many people believe that Taekwondo is not an effective form of martial art when it comes to self-defense. And today, the available taekwondo styles like Chun Kuk Do, Jhoon Rhee taekwondo, and ITF-style emphasize on self-defense. The pioneer practitioners, including Nam Tae Hi, were widely known for their lethality. They believe that the main reason martial art came into being was for combat – used in military combat – and was not a sport. Is Taekwondo good martial arts for self-defense? Taekwondo has its many advocates when it comes to self-defense. ![]() ![]() Give a secondary click to the Event, select “Get Info” and then select “Delete.”.Give a secondary click to the Event and select “Delete” or.Select the Event and use the backspace key.There are several ways in which you may delete an Event: Photos, maps, checklists, drawings & audio notes are only available for Task Notes and Daily Notes. Click next to where it says “notes” and type.Įvent’s notes only support text and emoji. When finished click “Apply” for the changes to be saved.ģ. For information on how to Add Calendars please refer to the “Calendars” section.Ĥ. The default calendar for events added in Opus One will be the same as on your Mac’s Calendar app. Choose a new Calendar from the the available options. To change the Calendar to which an Event is assigned:ġ. This cannot be done directly in Opus One but it can be done using the Mac’s events added via will appear on Opus One with the default alert set on .Īdding a Default Alert for All New Events Events added from other places and sites may have a different preset alert time.When choosing to be alerted via email, you will need to provide the recipient’s address.Įven though the option to be alerted with a file is listed, currently this is not possible. To select a different sound, click over “Basso” scroll through the list and select a sound of your choice. When choosing “Message with Sound”, the default sound will be “Basso”. ![]() The preset alert time you have set on your Mac’s Calendar app.Click “Apply” or elsewhere on the planner for the change to be saved. Click over the “5” and set a different number and click over “Minutes” to set a different time unit like “hours” or “days”.ġ. The kind of alert you’d like for this event:ģ. On the following window, next to Alert you will see “None”. Give a secondary click to the event and select “Get Info”.Ģ. IMPORTANT: when editing Repeating Events any change will affect all future events unless you choose otherwise when prompted.ġ. For more editing options, give a secondary click to the event, select Get Info. To adjust duration, start/end time or the date of the Event, while viewing theĭaily Schedule or any of Planner Views select the event, hold the click, drag and drop to a new location. To edit the name, double click the Event and type a new title. There are several ways to edit an Event. To access an event’s Information Menu, select an event, give a secondary click and select “Get Info.” For more options select “Get Info”Īll events have the following properties, which are shown in the event’s Information Menu: To access an event’s quick menu, select the event and give a secondary click. The event’s quick menu shows the following options: Create an Event, give a secondary click, select “Get Info” and proceed toĬheck the box next to the ”all day” legend. Create an event anywhere in the schedule, drag & drop it into the spaceģ. Double click on the space provided for “All day events” and enter theĢ. Several ways in which you may add an All Day Event:ġ. ![]() Refer to the “Categories” section of this manual.Īll Day Events are found at the top of the Daily Schedule. To automatically assign events created from tasks to a specific calendar, open theĬategories panel and set the Calendar for each Category. Drag the task to a specific time slot from your Daily Schedule or Planner. Click over the Daily Task or Master Task to select it To create an Event from a Task, simply: ![]() And proceed to type the name of the Event. Give a secondary click to any time slot on the Schedule and select NewĮvent. Double click on a selected time slot from the Schedule or,Ģ. You can add an Event in two different ways:ġ. You can add Events in your Daily Schedule and in the Planner Views. To go back to the current Daily List click over the month’s name. The Daily Schedule and click over the desired date. To see the Tasks assigned to other days go to the calendar located at the top of The planner will always open to the current date, according to your device’s ![]() ![]() ![]() The beep at a pre-dertermined speed via the driver display is still a useable feature and a seperate addition to the speed limiter. To over come the speed limiter setting, push the throttle completely down through the resistance and the car will accelerate, but also flash a warning in the display and beep. What is TIDAL Explore the App For Music For Artists Culture Magazine Pricing & Plans. This is a useful feature for motorway drivers as you can set the speed and simply rest your foot on the pedal unlike normal cruise where i for one take my foot completely off and rest it on the carpet. Skip to main content Skip to footer Skip to language switcher. However, there are some details to be taken into account and some preparatory steps must be taken as well. This physically limits the cars acceleration. Astra Linux has a graphical interface, so the installation process will be as close to standard as possible, and even a Windows user will easily figure out every step. In the driver display it shows your current speed, adjust this up or down (res/+ or set/-). The plugin offers a paid version as well which allows you to choose SEO friendly URLs and let search engines index your translated content (more on this later in the article). You also get a block-based header & footer builder, advanced menu (mega menu), language switcher, slide-out panel and white-label ability (Astra offers most of these). Alternatively, you can add this CSS code by going to Appearance Customize and clicking Additional CSS. Scroll down to Language switcher options and expand the Additional CSS section. ![]() Use the following steps to add the CSS code: Go to WPML Languages. Click on the Add a new language switcher to a menu button. TV channels at satellites Astra 19.2☎ Astra 1KR, Astra 1L, Astra 1M, Astra 1N (FTA channels unless otherwise indicated) Frequency and Polarisation + info 10714 H. It allows you to add a language switcher to easily translate your web pages, or you can automatically translate content based on user’s browser language. ASTRA’S MISSION IS TO IMPROVE LIFE ON EARTH FROM SPACE® From powering more efficient and affordable agriculture to helping the forestry industry fine-tune sustainable practices, the implications of sending satellites to space are exponential for our global economy. You can do this using the position: fixed CSS attribute. Step 1 Navigate to Dashboard > WPML > Languages and scroll down to the Menu language switcher section. Press the lower half of the rocker switch (which is now spring returned), roll the "set/-" down. Show only FTA channels in selected language. As with all astra j's you flick the rocker switch and roll the roller switch down to "set/-". Support for creating sensors and actions in ASTRA is provided through the notion of a module. In the GTC (don't know about new 5-doors) there are 2 ways to use the cruise control feature:ġ. ![]() ![]() ![]() If you spill any of the cleaner, you want to wipe it up with paper towels. You can put the cleaner right on the cotton swab. It’s also helpful to have a cotton swab, which will get into tight places. If it’s hard to see inside, use a flashlight. With some paper towels, you can wipe the surface clean. You can also use a brush to scrub out deposits and dirt. With your protective gear like rubber gloves and safety glasses on, you are ready to spray your cleaner into the air duct of the throttle body. It’s best to have a professional perform the cleaning in these circumstances. If you aren’t able to remove the air ducts, you should stop. Don’t take off any wires that are connected. It is usually connected with a clamp, which should be easy to remove with a Phillips or Torx screwdriver. You also need to remove the hoses and electrical wires that are attached to the throttle body, but you want to label them so you know where they go. ![]() Remove Air Ductīefore you do anything else, take off the battery’s ground terminal to ensure safety. Because the throttle body contains a direct connection with the gas pedal, you should see a movement of the shaft, which helps to identify it. If you are having trouble locating it, ask a friend to push down on the accelerator while the motor is off. It is typically made from aluminum or another metal. You can locate the throttle body between the air cleaner and intake manifold. If you are working in the daytime, there should be plenty of light to complete the job. ![]() You also want to be outside since the products are flammable. It’s also helpful to wear clothing that covers your body as the products can irritate your skin.īefore you move on, make sure the vehicle is parked on level ground. We recommend having gloves and eye protection. You can find a variety of throttle-body cleaners online, so you should always read through the customer reviews to determine what’s best.Īdditionally, you want to gather some protective gear. Prepare Materialsīefore you start cleaning the throttle body, you have to choose the right products. For the full guide check out: How to Clean a Throttle Body (10 Steps DIY) 1. Here are a few steps of how to clean your throttle body at home. RELATED: 8 Symptoms of a Bad Throttle Body (& Replacement Cost) How to Clean the Throttle Body In fact, you can clean it yourself with the right products. Because of this, the engine will be rough and you could spend more money than needed on fuel.īecause it’s not difficult to clean the throttle body, it makes sense to add it to your regular maintenance plan. If the throttle body becomes contaminated or dirty by carbon deposits, the right amount of air won’t be added, leading to an imbalance of the air-fuel ratio. The throttle body helps to determine how much air is added to the fuel. The air that’s pulled in gets mixed with fuel to ensure an appropriate balance for combustion. This system is responsible for pulling air into the combustion chamber from the environment around it. In your vehicle, there’s an air intake system. However, there are major benefits to keeping the throttle body clean. If the car is running perfectly, the throttle body service is probably unnecessary. When the motor doesn’t run right, the Check Engine Light could come on and you could also notice decreased fuel economy numbers. You should also notice some performance issues as the throttle body becomes contaminated. Instead, it’s important to consider the service any time you notice any symptoms that the throttle body is dirty.Ī physical inspection will reveal any grime buildup that needs to be dealt with. Some people recommend having the throttle body serviced every 75,000 miles, although most manufacturers don’t set a recommended interval. How Often Should I Get Throttle Body Service? There are special products designed for this task, so visiting a professional shop is only needed if you aren’t sure what to do. Most people choose to perform the throttle body cleaning in a home garage. After cleaning, the engine should run smoother and cleaner. Because the throttle is responsible for managing the airflow, any gunk or debris in the body can decrease power and acceleration. Throttle body service involves cleaning the throttle blade and bore. Take Test Drive What is Throttle Body Service? ![]() ![]() ZBrush is primarily used for 3D modeling, sculpting, and printingĮxporting settings for various features are unavailable for Blender You can make animations and real-time simulations in Blender With a higher quality of tools, ZBrush takes the lead in high definition sculpting and editing tools It has decent sculpting, texturing, and forming tools ZBrush has a proper license that needs to be purchased on their own terms It is generally available for free to its users with a General Public License ZBrush isn’t far away from Blender too in this regard, they both have their pros and cons. The render option in a blender generates high-definition real-time images that seem very realistic. You may need to zoom in to see the STL file clearly.īlender is better for sculpting high quality models, while ZBrush has an easier workflow and is more geared towards professionals.īlender is one amazing tool that allows you to generate effective 3D models with multiple options to edit and form them according to your preference. Simply find your STL file and load it up into ZBrush. STL files” without needing to use other programs like Meshmixer. In the ZBrush plugins(Zplugin) menu, under 3D Print Hub, there are options to “import. Yes, ZBrush can open STL files to edit them as you desire. The interface of the software is a bit underwhelming but it has multiple applications in terms of 3D printing software. This cool video should help you through and thorough in doing 3D printing with ZBrush. Export the file according to the required format (STL usually or OBJ).Use the sizing tools to standardize the size ratios according to your preference.Open the ZPlugin and select your model to open with 3D Print Exporter from the menu.After you design your model in ZBrush, you can simply follow these steps: ZBrush has a 3D Print Exporter Plugin that allows you to export your models to be ready to 3D print. Here’s an example of a user who modeled in ZBrush then 3D printed that model successfully. ZBrush can create some really highly detailed models. You then import the STL file into your chosen slicer such as Cura or PrusaSlicer, slice the file into a G-Code file and 3D print it. You are able to create models within ZBrush which you can then export as a 3D printable model or STL file. There is a ClothTwister brush that simulates the twisted cloth looks, as well as ClothWind which allows direction movements, and even ClothPinchTrails which creates a seam with pinched cloth. You have the choice to choose where folds will lay or you can freely move the geometry and create folds in real time. Users who use ZBrush for 3D printing miniatures for D&D or tabletop games should make sure to scale up the finer details in the model such as the head or hands because it helps when you are printing them in small scales such as 28-32mm.Īnother really cool feature is the controlled cloth sculpting which uses a dynamics engine to give you specific abilities to interact with your model with special brushes. Check out the video below for a good walkthrough. Topology simply means a pattern of polygons that make up a mesh, so the smaller shapes that make up the bigger shapes in a model. There are many great features with ZBrush such as the Topology Brush which allows you to create accessories with a surface thickness, create a new topology to replace a patch of existing topology, or to create a surface for retopologizing your models. Other options like Maya or Blender are great for 3D printing also. ZBrush is a paid software so it may not be the best idea to go from beginner with it, but if you have more experience with 3D modeling and sculpting, it could be a great fit for you. He goes into good details on the main aspects that you’ll want to know to get good at modeling your own 3D prints. ![]() If you want to learn ZBrush from scratch, I’d recommend checking out the video below. Beginners can create models in ZBrush even without experience. It’s an all-in-one digital sculpting solution that many designers recommend using for 3D printing. ZBrush is a good for 3D printing since it can create high quality models in various shapes using its sculpting tools and texturing. 7 How Much Does ZBrush Cost? Is ZBrush Good for 3D Printing? ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Most animal species undergo a separation of tissues into germ layers during embryonic development. Watch this video to see a quick sketch of the different types of body symmetry.Īnimal Characterization Based on Features of Embryological Development They are believed to have evolved from bilaterally symmetrical animals thus, they are classified as bilaterally symmetrical. This is termed secondary radial symmetry. The bilaterally symmetrical human body can be divided into planes.Īnimals in the phylum Echinodermata (such as sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins) display radial symmetry as adults, but their larval stages exhibit bilateral symmetry. In evolutionary terms, this simple form of symmetry promoted active mobility and increased sophistication of resource-seeking and predator-prey relationships. In contrast to radial symmetry, which is best suited for stationary or limited-motion lifestyles, bilateral symmetry allows for streamlined and directional motion. The evolution of bilateral symmetry that allowed for the formation of anterior and posterior (head and tail) ends promoted a phenomenon called cephalization, which refers to the collection of an organized nervous system at the animal’s anterior end. All true animals except those with radial symmetry are bilaterally symmetrical. ventral), and right and left sides ( Figure). Animals with bilateral symmetry have a “head” and “tail” (anterior vs. (credit a: modification of work by Andrew Turner credit b: modification of work by Robert Freiburger credit c: modification of work by Samuel Chow credit d: modification of work by Cory Zanker)īilateral symmetry involves the division of the animal through a sagittal plane, resulting in two mirror image, right and left halves, such as those of a butterfly ( Figure d), crab, or human body. The (b) jellyfish and (c) anemone are radially symmetrical, and the (d) butterfly is bilaterally symmetrical. Radial symmetry equips these sea creatures (which may be sedentary or only capable of slow movement or floating) to experience the environment equally from all directions. This form of symmetry marks the body plans of animals in the phyla Ctenophora and Cnidaria, including jellyfish and adult sea anemones ( Figure bc). ![]() The two halves of a radially symmetrical animal may be described as the side with a mouth or “oral side,” and the side without a mouth (the “aboral side”). It results in animals having top and bottom surfaces but no left and right sides, or front or back. Radial symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central axis, as is seen in a drinking glass or pie. All types of symmetry are well suited to meet the unique demands of a particular animal’s lifestyle. Only a few animal groups display radial symmetry. Asymmetry is a unique feature of Parazoa ( Figure a). Arthropods are more closely related to nematodes than they are to annelids.Īnimal Characterization Based on Body SymmetryĪt a very basic level of classification, true animals can be largely divided into three groups based on the type of symmetry of their body plan: radially symmetrical, bilaterally symmetrical, and asymmetrical.Acoela and Cnidaria both possess radial symmetry.Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa are both Bilataria.Eumetazoans have specialized tissues and parazoans don’t.Which of the following statements is false? The phylogenetic tree of animals is based on morphological, fossil, and genetic evidence. Additional characteristics include the number of tissue layers formed during development, the presence or absence of an internal body cavity, and other features of embryological development, such as the origin of the mouth and anus. This means that their distribution of body parts is balanced along an axis. One of the most prominent features of the body plan of true animals is that they are morphologically symmetrical. ![]() Animals are primarily classified according to morphological and developmental characteristics, such as a body plan. Scientists have developed a classification scheme that categorizes all members of the animal kingdom, although there are exceptions to most “rules” governing animal classification ( Figure). ![]() ![]() Different species use different strategies to achieve these goals. Body plansĪll animals have evolved to survive and reproduce, and to do so they share common tasks that include the capture, ingestion, absorption, and distribution of food/nutrients the acquisition and distribution of oxygen for cellular respiration and the excretion of metabolic wastes and undigested materials 3. A glossary of terms and concepts used in the current review is included in the Appendix S2. Finally, we will use these data to draw conclusions about the evolutionary origins of the blood vascular system. Next, we will discuss concrete examples (and introduce primary ultrastructural data) from a spectrum of representative species, with a particular emphasis on invertebrates. We will begin with an overview of body plans in extant animals. By contrast, comparative biology provides a rich source of information that can be used to infer and reconstruct the evolutionary history of the cardiovascular system. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have yielded interesting, although limited insights into evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of heart development and tube formation. There is no trace of the cardiovascular system in the fossil record. The goal of this review is to explore the evolutionary origins of the blood vascular system and endothelium. When and why did the cardiovascular system evolve in the first place? Why are certain blood circulatory systems open, while others are closed? Why are some systems lined by endothelium, whereas others have no cell lining? These are important questions because they provide insights into the design constraints, path dependence, trade-offs, and selective pressures that underlie human physiology and vulnerability to disease. How does the heart generate force? How do blood vessels form during development? How do blood vessels and their endothelial lining function in health and how do they become dysfunctional in disease? By contrast, little attention is paid to the evolutionary mechanisms of the cardiovascular system. The field of cardiovascular biology is largely concerned with proximate mechanisms. Evolutionary explanations (‘when and why’) employ a combination of the fossil record, and comparative morphology and DNA sequences to describe the phylogenetic history of a trait and the fitness advantage that the trait provides at the level of a population or species 2. Proximate explanations (‘how’) employ traditional tools, including biochemistry, molecular biology, and cell biology to describe the anatomy, physiology, and ontogeny of a trait at the level of a modern-day organism. ![]() Finally, we emphasize that endothelial heterogeneity evolved as a core feature of the endothelium from the outset, reflecting its role in meeting the diverse needs of body tissues.Įvery biological trait requires both a proximate and evolutionary explanation (reviewed in 1). The endothelium evolved in an ancestral vertebrate some 540–510 million years ago to optimize flow dynamics and barrier function, and/or to localize immune and coagulation functions. Existing evidence suggests that the blood vascular system first appeared in an ancestor of the triploblasts over 600 million years ago, as a means to overcome the time-distance constraints of diffusion. In addition to drawing on the published literature, we provide primary ultrastructural data related to the lobster, earthworm, amphioxus, and hagfish. Here, we employ a comparative approach to review the phylogenetic history of the blood vascular system and endothelium. Comparatively little attention has been given to the evolutionary basis of the cardiovascular system. The field of vascular biology is focused primarily on proximate mechanisms in health and disease. Every biological trait requires both a proximate and evolutionary explanation. ![]() ![]() Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathematics. Open Cirrus: A Global Cloud Computing Testbed. ![]() All in all, a great evening and a great result for a great individual. Without them we would have much less to show for our efforts. ![]() Please let them know you appreciate their support of Pete. Schlenker, Produce, Schreiner’s Farm Market, Maria & Julie Buttaccio, Lake Beverage, Jeff Lindgren, Shamrock Jack's, Sue Hindmarsh, NuWay Auto Parts, EuroCafe Imports, Patty Bosch, LiDestri Foods, Inc., Stein Family – Sister Dolores, Dolores Zimmer, Jack Modrak’s Monroe Transmission, BJ's Wholesale Club, New York Line of Hair Design, Trimble's Mobil, 3's Company Hair Salon, Deidre's Hair Design and Bob Leschhorn at Comb & Razor. The Compass Klem's Garage, Bristol Harbour Golf Club, Chili Jazzercise Fitness Center, Weidman & Weidman Attorneys at Law, Rocco's Pizza ‘N Pasta, Sodus Bay Heights Golf Club, Switzer's Auto Tech, Rochester Americans Hockey Club, Rochester Knighthawks Lacrosse, Spatola's Party Rental, Michael T. Raffle prizes were generously donated by The Coach Sports Bar, Color Me Mine, Scott Miller Salon, Empire Lanes, Studio 91 Salon, Computer Medics of Webster, McCoy's Custom Picture Framing, Prime Steakhouse, Five Guys Burgers & Fries, Rhino's Pizzeria And Deli, Target, Captain Jack's Goodtime Tavern, Donnelly's Public House, Pharaoh's Hairum Salon, Flaherty's Three Flags Inn Tavern & Grill, Skip's Meat Market, Lickety Splits Ice Cream Parlor, The Pizza Chef, The Landing Bar & Grill, Fairport Village Inn, Rohrbach Brewing Company,, Buffalo Bills, Rochester Red Wings, Anne Swingly, continued on next page A significant amount was raised from the sale of Chinese raffle tickets and 50/50 tickets. What they added to the atmosphere that evening was of dream-like quality be sure to catch them sometime if you could not be present. The band, “Friends Unplugged,” generously contributed their time. Every donation, be it money, food or time, came from the heart. Many who could not be present nevertheless sent in donations for the cause. Greasing the skids for the spectacle over the course of five Summer months were Committee Chairman and dear friend of Pete, Mark Neumann and his indispensible wife, Allison, Jim Clements, Dick Jester, Marty Sondervan and Andy Weidman. Also unselfishly contributing was everyone who sent in a baked item for dessert. ![]() ![]() We say “included” because we’re sure we have unintentionally omitted some helpers, for which we apologize profusely. Rita’s moving letters on the outdoor sign and working the “For Pete’s Sake” Dinner, including mopping up at the end), the “Kitchen Powers,” Don and Joann Fisher, Joan Jester, Joan’s daughter, Jackie Castiglia, Buzz Buzzelli, Ann and Barney Quinlan, Bev Neumann and her grandchildren, Chris and Robin Neumann and Justin, Jerry and Stephen Connolly and the Connollys’ parents, Lori and Dan, Vlad Staryszack and his wife and children, Darcy Weidman, Bud Shura, Kathy and Dave Uerz, Donna and Tom Goundry, Joe Dilal, Pete’s sister, Karen Kellar, Carol and Ed Wynne, Ellen and Dave Samuelson, the incomparable Dean Hamingson, Doris and Mike Cota, Margaret and Dan Milner, Bob McNeill, Peter Breidt, Joe Aschenbrenner, Bob Leschhorn, Karen and Kurt Smith, Pat Obbie, Ladies’ Auxilary President Mary Margaret Carney, Marge Waehner, Judy Pellittieri, Rita Sondervan, Mary and Don Senecal, Tom Simpson, Donna McNinch, Bob McNeill, Ann Clements, Marilyn Wolfe, Julie and Roger Ellender, Ginny Hurzy, Jon and Devon Weldon, Anne Swingley, Tom Freundschuh and Carol Ortiz. But the in the end it was “Mission Accomplished,” thanks to the hard but joyous work of a legion of volunteers. Sending some 300+ home happy was no easy feat. Over 300 persons from Webster and all over Greater Rochester (and some from beyond) gathered to savor the grilled American favorites of steak, hamburgers and hotdogs, corn on the cob donated by Schreiner’s Farm Market at Phillips and Schlegel Roads, salad, salt potatoes and the tasty desserts offered up by the Ladies Auxiliary, to enjoy the rousing music of the foursome “Friends Unplugged,” and to show their support for Pete and his sons, Sebastian and Zachary, who graced the assembled with their presence. The Compass A Winner for Pete Andy Weidman, PGK �������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������� �������������������� A tremendous – but, from the standpoint of the Committee, anyway, not unexpected – outpouring of support for Pat and Karl Steigerwald’s son Pete’s fight against cancer manifested itself at the Webster Columbus Center on Saturday the 25 th day of September in the current Year of Our Lord. ![]() |
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